Japan has long been celebrated for its profound bond with nature, a connection that has withstood the test of time.
At the heart of this enduring relationship lies a captivating concept and deep understanding of the soul in relation to the natural and spiritual realms.
The way of the gods
As an archipelago characterized by diverse landscapes and ecosystems, the natural environment held immense importance in the lives of ancient Japanese communities.
They keenly observed the cycles of life: the birth and growth of plants, the movements of animals, and the ever-changing seasons.
These immersive observations ultimately led them to embrace an animistic worldview, recognizing the presence of gods and spirits interwoven within the very fabric of their surroundings.
From the ethereal veils of mist delicately enveloping rugged mountain peaks to the captivating dance of water cascading down secluded waterfalls, the ancient Japanese perceived the divine essence that infused the natural world.
Their deep reverence for nature later gave birth to Shinto, also known as the way of the gods.
Within this belief system, every mountain, stream, and towering tree became vessels for sacred spirits known as kami.
These kami were regarded as benevolent and friendly beings, watching over humans and safeguarding them from the perils of natural disasters.
However, in return, the kami expected humans to adhere to principles of physical and spiritual cleanliness.
Straying from these principles could provoke their wrath.
The four souls
The ancient Japanese believed in the existence of mitama, encompassing the spirits of both kami and human beings.
Mitama was thought to comprise several souls, each relatively independent from one another.
The most prominent among these souls is the ichirei shikon, which consists of a complete spirit and four subordinate souls.
According to their belief, each of these souls possesses its own unique character and function, all coexisting simultaneously and complementing one another.
These four souls are known as aramitama, nigimitama, sakimitama, and kushimitama.
1. Aramitama
Aramitama, or “wild soul”, represents the rough and violent aspect of a spirit.
It is believed to be the initial manifestation of a kami and requires proper pacification rites and worship to be appeased.
2. Nigimitama
Nigimitama, or “tranquil soul”, is considered the normal and functional state of a spirit.
It contrasts with aramitama, embodying a sense of calmness and serenity.
3. Sakimitama
Sakimitama, or “fortune soul”, represents the joyful and loving side of a complete spirit (mitama).
Some ancient scholars considered it to be merely a function of nigimitama, serving as a positive aspect of the spirit.
4. Kushimitama
Kushimitama, or “wondrous soul”, represents the wise and experienced aspect of a complete spirit (mitama).
Similar to sakimitama, it is also believed to be a function of nigimitama.
When appearing together with sakimitama, kushimitama is associated with the mysterious power to bring about transformations and to cure illnesses.
Influence in modern days
The belief in the inherent aliveness and spirited nature of all things serves as a profound framework for both ancient and modern Japanese to interpret natural phenomena, including the occurrence of catastrophes.
It allows them to assess their relationship with nature and to discern whether they are in harmony or have disrupted the delicate equilibrium.
By recognizing the presence of spirits in everything, they find a means to navigate and comprehend the intricacies of the natural world.
This animistic belief is evident in well-known works such as Miyazaki's “Spirited Away”, “Princess Mononoke”, and “My Neighbor Totoro”, among others.
They beautifully capture the essence of the animistic belief, showcasing the interconnectedness between humans, spirits, and nature.
Moreover, the influence of this belief extends beyond artistic expressions.
In modern Japan, the animistic worldview continues to shape the way people interact with the environment.
It inspires practices such as forest bathing, where individuals immerse themselves in the healing power of nature to rejuvenate their spirits.
Concepts like sustainable living and eco-consciousness also find their roots in the deep respect for the natural world ingrained in the animistic tradition.